Date Rape Essay - 2324 Words

Date rape is not a rare incident that only happens in isolated situations. In fact, surveys indicate that in 84% of rape cases, the victim knew the attacker, and 57% of rapes occurred on dates (Warshaw 11). However, what is even more surprising than these high statistics is that most incidents of date rape go unreported. Several theories exist that try to explain this phenomenon. For example, many women may refuse to believe that their friend raped them. In fact, they could eventually convince themselves that it never happened. Additionally, there is confusion following the attack in which memory and emotions become mixed up. When alcohol or drugs are involved, the women may have no memory of the attack whatsoever. Even if the†¦show more content†¦This is essentially an adaptation that allows a male to increase his reproductive success. The primary adaptations responsible for the occurrence of rape were the mechanisms involved in the human males greater visual sexual arousal, greater autonomous sex drive, reduced ability to abstain from sexual activity, much greater desire for sexual variety per se, greater willingness to engage in impersonal sex, and less discriminating criteria for sexual partners. (Thornhill 62) One piece of evidence that supports this is that the vast majority of rape victims are of a fertile age. Using this theory, one must conclude that a male would only rape if the benefits (producing an offspring) outweighed the costs (risk of getting caught and punished). Many researchers believe that men have a psychological mechanism to evaluate the vulnerability of women. This device would help a man decide when, where, and how to rape without suffering consequences. For example, a man with no intention of committing date rape may proceed with the act if the opportunity presented itself and he felt he could get away with it. Situations like this commonly lead to date rape. For example, a male who finds himself alone with his date in an isolated spot would be more inclined to rape. Another theory states that men with a lack of resources are more inclined to rape. Since females select a mate based partially on resources, the male with low socioeconomic standing would have litt leShow MoreRelatedDate Rape Essay977 Words   |  4 Pages Date rape happens a lot when people are in college, more women than men but it’s still something that happens more than it should and I ask what are the colleges doing on campus to prevent this from happening to more college students. I think that colleges are trying to stop date rape from happening as best as they can but I also believe there is a lot more they could be doing to try and stop date rape. College students shouldn’t have to worry about going out on a date, party,Read MoreDate Rape Essay1744 Words   |  7 PagesRape defined is forcing sexual intercourse upon someone without his or her consent. This isn’t just a girls’ problem, boys have to deal with this too. According to the American Psychological Association, nearly one in ten girls and one in twenty boys say they have been raped or experienced some form of sexual assault (Atlanta Journal, 1). Almost more than half of rape victims know their attacker; they don’t report it or tell anybody. In most date rape cases, the attacker and victim have known eachRead MoreWhat Is Date Rape? Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is date rape? Date rape is forcible sexual intercourse by a male or female friend of a woman or man, during a voluntary social engagement in which the woman or man did not intend to submit to the sexual advances and fought the acts by verbal refusals or denials to stop , and/or physical resistance. What would you do if someone blamed you for something you did not want to do? This type of act usually happens in college campuses and is critically difficult to prove in a court case. Victim blamingRead MoreDate Rape in the Philippines11669 Words   |  47 PagesChapter I Introduction â€Å"He said he loved me†, â€Å"I woke up without any clothes on, I couldn’t remember†, â€Å"I thought we were friends†. These are just some of the phrases that a lot of rape victims have reiterated. Women that have long been taken advantage of for men’s sexual pleasure, it is the same in every country, not just in the Philippines. Women have been fighting all throughout their history to gain equality, to rise from oppression, to release themselves from male domination, that fight isRead MoreDate Rape Essay1124 Words   |  5 Pagesand this time she cannot resist. He’s too strong, he’s too big and he won’t stop for nothing. Date Rape is a forced sexual intercourse, which includes a victim, and often times the person the victim is familiar with. The fact that the victim knows the attacker makes it difficult for the victim to identify the attacker as dangerous. Date/Acquaintance rape accounts for 84% of all reported rapes. Many believe that when a man gets sexually aroused he cannot control himself. This is not exactlyRead MoreAnalysis Of On Date Rape789 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis â€Å"On Date Rape† According to the article in the first paragraph, the writer is confused when she says that dating is the recent phenomena in the history. When the readers access this material, they expect to see recent years, but the writer continues and speaks of the years 1964. To be frank, that is a long time ago, and it means that dating didn’t just start recently. There are some of the weaknesses pointed out in the writing of this paragraph. The writer makes the readers believe thatRead MoreEssay Date Rape865 Words   |  4 PagesDate Rape Every two minutes, somewhere in the world, someone is sexually assaulted. Of these approximately 248,000 victims, about 87,000 were victims of completed rape, and 70,000 were victims of sexual assault. Up to 4,315 pregnancies may have resulted from these attacks. Calculations based on the (National Crime Victimization Survey). Rape is often misunderstood. For one reason rapist are usually portrayed as a stranger, his motivation is entirely sexual, and the victim is always a youngRead MoreEssay Date Rape890 Words   |  4 PagesDate Rape When people hear the word rape they might imagine a stranger leaping out from the shadows of a dark alley and attacking someone. Although this is partly true, most rapes are committed by people who know their victims. When intercourse is unwanted and forced upon by someone you know, it is known as â€Å" date rape.† It occurs daily and is prevalent on virtually all college campuses across the nation and in cities all over the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Date rape generally occurs when a man isRead More The Tragedy of Date Rape988 Words   |  4 PagesExemplary Essay - The Tragedy of Date Rape In the fall of 1995, Kristin Cooper was a sophomore at Baker University in Kansas. She was a member of Alpha Chi Omega, an expert skier from the mountains of Colorado, a swimmer, and was active in band, choir and drama. On the night of New Years Eve of that same year, her mother Andrea Cooper came home to find Kristina dead of a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head on the family room floor. Cooper shared the story of her daughters last monthsRead MoreA Closer Look at Date Rape944 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Feminism has not prepared them for this,† states Camille Paglia in her essay â€Å"Rape: A Bigger Danger than Feminists Know.† The â€Å"them† in Paglia’s statement is referring to women, and she is discussing the topic of date rape. Susan Jacoby, on the other hand, writes in her article â€Å"Common Decency,† that feminism is not responsible for the rising cases of date rape, but that it is the men who are at fault. Paglia’s argument is insightful and accurate, but Jacoby’s writing is flawed and not

Model United Nations Cmunce Conference 2017. Representing

Model United Nations CMUNCE Conference 2017 Representing: Dmitry Ustinov Delegate Name: Laurel Butterworth Committee: Space Race JCC (Soviet) School: Boulder High School I, Dmitry Ustinov, am firstly a politician, set to oversee and manage the Ministry of Defense Industry, the product of the merged Ministry of Armaments Production and Ministry of Aviation Industry. Within this duty, that many would call simply a political rearrangement for the advancement of the military and political animal, I can assure this department that I am wholly devoted to the scientists, research, and goals of defence industry. At this pivotal moment, history has its eyes on the CCCP, and we must keep our eyes on our goals, both in the stars and on our own†¦show more content†¦I now oversee the creation of magnificent rockets and missiles, which have increased the CCCP’s military might, such as the R-5 and later the R-7 rockets. Created by the OKB-1, these rockets boast of intercontinental ballistic capabilities that could revolutionize modern warfare and atmospheric and astronomical science. Since my youth, I have acted forcefully, decisively, and intelli gently to advance the CCCP’s scientific understanding of space and rocket technology, something I plan to continue to do as this new technological age emerges. While the extension of this field to advanced scientific ballistics research took some convincing by Korolev, the launching of Sputnik clearly displayed to the world the immense power of the ICBM, simultaneously broadening the horizon of scientific progress and military prowess. The Ministry of Defense Industry will no doubt play a very important role in the future of the CCCP and the broadening of mankind’s knowledge. I see it as a great honor, then, to be the strong leader of this ministry and to protect it from those who ignorantly dismiss the importance of scientific research along with military development. For these accomplishments, such as the launching of the Sputnik satellite, has not only allowed us to gain valuable knowledge, but also displayed the CCCP’s superior technological capabilities, wi th the

International Integration Free Essays

string(172) " and Dutch were all involved in international integration as they claimed overseas territories in the form of colonies and motivated international trade\(Iadicola, 2008\)\." International Integration Introduction The ongoing process of international integration is often referred to as ‘globalization’. An organization called the ‘United Nations’ (UN) is specifically important as it is contributing to this process by creating a possibility for its members to discuss problems, initiatives and much more. Almost all states are its members and through that an important environment is created for international integration. We will write a custom essay sample on International Integration or any similar topic only for you Order Now The question this article tries to answer is; ‘Is international integration an advantage or disadvantage for world peace? ‘. An answer is tried to be found through the exploration of the process of globalization, its link to the UN and the current conflict in Syria. The case study of the current conflict in Syria explores how the UN works in certain situations and the problems it faces for acting on an international level. It will be used as an example to find an answer to the main question. As the UN is almost an universal organization it is the terrain for endless discussion between its members who all have certain interests. But its democratic character may not be truly valid as certain actors have more power than others, influencing the process of equal input. International integration and its features are constantly developing and as will be described the process has multiple consequences, positive and negative ones. Globalization Modern society anno 2012 could be described as an interconnected world where information is shared at a rapid pace through various channels as internet, television and telecommunications. Mankind has evolved a curiosity in everything that happens around him. Nowadays it is possible to acquire the latest news by a single mouse click and we are excited to share even the slightest happenings through our personal domains such as Facebook and Twitter. A global network of intelligence arose with the development of modern day communication resources, one of the reasons for the process of globalization (Jeffery, 2002). The general understanding of the process of globalization is the increasing international integration of the world caused by mass trade and cultural exchange (Fincle Govale, 2012). Although opinions also seem to differ about the meaning of the concept it is generally accepted that it is concerned with the growing scope, speed and intensity of interconnectedness worldwide (Goldstein Pevehouse, 2011). Reasons given for globalization are; freedom of trade, improvements of transportation, labor wages and skills and improvement of communication resources (Fincle Govale, 2012). Globalization has resulted in increased international trade, transnational corporations, faster and better accessibility of information, freer movement of persons and a greater dependence on the world economy. Opponents of globalization see an expanding gap between the rich and the poor, as wealthy states drain human and natural resources from less developed countries for unfair compensations (Jeffery, 2002). Several indicators for globalization have been developed over the last decades, relevant are their variables and data they use. One of the first indicators designed and one that is used as reference for many others is the Kearney/FP index which is supported by a database (Lombaerde Iapadre, 2007). It takes into account; â€Å"[†¦ ] the economic integration in the world economy, the extent of international political engagement, the internationalization of personal contacts of citizens and the use of internet technology. † (Lombaerde Iapadre, 2007, p. 3). The Modified Globalization Index, by Martens and Zywietz, includes these four variables and adds another two;†[†¦ ] the involvement of a country’s military-industrial complex with the rest of the world, and the intensity of globalization in the ecological domain. † (Lombaerde Iapadre, 2007,p. 4) Their definition of globalization is; â€Å"[†¦ ]the intensification of cross-national cultural, economic, political, social and technological interactions that lead to the establishment of transnational structures and the global integration of cultural, economic, environmental, olitical and social processes on global, supranational, national, regional and local levels. † (Lombaerde Iapadre, 2007,p. 4). Another is the Dreher globalization index that builds on the Kearney/FP index and emphasizes on information flows and international integration through economic policy development. Another description of globalization is found in the work of Gibbens, who s eems to agree that globalization is a process of cultural, political and economical integration of nation states throughout the globe (Giddens, 2000). Ritzer(2004) introduces, actually prefers, the use of the term ‘grobalization’, since he focuses on the imperialistic character of nations and transnational corporations. He pinpoints the will to integrate internationally by those who have the resources required. International integration is a worldwide process with consequences. The process is steered by forces and it is important to mention that these forces are not divided equally across the world but rather are directed from a centre (Iadicola, 2008). Nowadays the United States of America is in this centre of a so-called global empire. It has the most influence on international organizations and the determination of integration on political, economical and societal levels among nation states (Iadicola, 2008). Iadicola(2008)researched this power centre empire idea. A passage concerned with globalization states that;†[†¦ ] globalization is in part a product of the power of empires as a result of conquest and trade and immigration creating patterns of cultural diffusion. â€Å"(Iadicola, 2008, p. 2-3). Globalization started long ago and it intensified during the colonial era. Yet, nowadays it seems globalization has increased in speed and reach as could be explained by the intense growth communication means, with internet as key feature. The empire has played a sufficient role in the distribution of capital flows, trade and economic partnership. Integrating more and more states into the world economy does not mean that wealth is equally divided among them, as Iadicola(2008) describes;†[†¦ ] the structure of international flows of income, investments, and royalty payments today does not correspond to any notion of an interdependent world that is mutually benefiting from these flows. In contrast, singular concentration and unidirectional flows towards imperial-based corporations dominates the process of globalization[†¦ ]. â€Å"(Iadicola, 2008). Empires have determined the forces of globalization for ages, The British Empire is a prime example of how trade was used to connect multiple continents. But also the Greek, Ottoman and the European empires as the Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch were all involved in international integration as they claimed overseas territories in the form of colonies and motivated international trade(Iadicola, 2008). You read "International Integration" in category "Essay examples" Maier(2005)sees the empire as a major, leading actor in international integration. The forces needed to influence globalization are found at this actor. Empires are organized by and for those who principally control resources and production and not by those who work for it, as the empire has a class ideology(Maier, 2005). The empire has four essential features that relate to its influence or penetration of those dominated by it. These features can be seen as globalization forces, used to gain more wealth, power and increased global cultures. It uses; military-, economic-, cultural- and political penetration and integration. The USA has used these means with increasing intensity over the last decades to expand their interest (Iadicola, 2008). Globalization can be seen as international integration at multiple levels. Its intensification over the last decades can be attributed to new and faster ways of communication, increased global trade and the need of the empire for expanding its power. Yet, there is more to describe that will help to discover its limitations, overall developments and influence. Relevant for the increasing international integration is international law. International law can be seen a system of principles, rules, concepts and norms for governing and managing relations among states, intergovernmental organizations(IGO), nongovernmental organizations(NGO), individuals and several other actors in globalization. International law’s main sources of creation are custom and treaties(conventions). Customary international law can be seen as law that arises from certain, commonly practiced actions by states. An example is the immunity diplomats enjoy in foreign countries. Custom will most of the time be formalized into a treaty, the most important source of international law (Scott, 2010). These laws are created to rise expectations, create stability among states and determine how states should interact on international level as well as national. Although states enjoy sovereignty, they are restrained when certain agreements are made between states and adaptation of domestic policy might be required and is sometimes urgent (Shaw, 2008). International law is created by states, IGO’s and NGO’s and it is made for them. The creation of international law is an outcome of international integration where states work together to set boundaries, create rules and determine what is important. Through international law it becomes clear that globalization influences all involved and will have consequences. The UN is the major actor that creates the environment for the adaptation of international law, what will become clear later in the article. As mentioned, treaties are the main source of international law. It is an agreement that legally binds parties under international law (Scott, 2010). There are bilateral, two parties involved, and multilateral treaties in where three or more parties participate. The focus on international integration makes it relevant to research multilateral treaties. â€Å"A multilateral treaty is the culmination of what may have been a long political process. [†¦ ]Once the treaty document is in place it provides the central focus for the continuation of the political process that, together with the treaty itself, can now be referred to as a ‘regime’. [†¦ ] a pattern of cooperation[†¦ ]†(Scott, 2010, p. 161-163). According to Krasner(1983) a regime is â€Å"[†¦ principles, norms, rules and decision-making processes around which actor expectations converge in a given issue area. â€Å"(Scott, 2010, p. 163). The described passage provides a reasonable idea of what a regime in international law is. To establish a regime several factors or processes are involved. The first process is that of there being an i ssue of importance that concerns three or more states(Scott, 2010). There is a need to manage a common problem. It triggers the process of international integration. This need will be generated by negotiations, the second process. It is in this phase that states or certain parties have the possibility to define, prioritize and recommend. Negotiations happen between states, but also between IGO’s and NGO’s who are capable of putting certain issues on the agenda of states, such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(Scott, 2010). During the negotiations parties are able to hear each other out, trade information or make proposals. The very existence of a variety of parties makes it tempting to think that there are many issues that need attention, much negotiations happen and that there are an enormous amount of multilateral treaties. The last part is a fact, a solid proof of an interconnected world, where cooperation is extensively exercised. Yet, the value of an issue depends on by who it is presented. As mentioned before, globalization seems to be steered by an empire and especially from its centre. Scott(2010) does not mention empire, but he uses a different term, ‘hegemon’. â€Å"The theory of hegemonic stability suggests, most basically, that a regime emerges when a hegemon-a state with preponderant power- regards such a regime as being in its best interests. The United States has been a world hegemon since World War II. â€Å"(Scott, 2010, p. 165). A hegemon is a super power who is capable of exercising positive leadership and is capable of making others accept its preferences. Short term costs are seen as a possibility when the hegemon regards the regime to be useful and will pay off in the long run. Phase three and four are closely related. In the event of a conference all parties, or its delegations are presented the basic draft of the treaty in where an issue is tried to be managed. Proposals of laws, measures to be taken or cooperation to be achieved are presented and discussed during the conference which will result in a final draft on which all parties agree. Phase four is adoption and ratification of the final draft, legally binding all parties. A regime is established. Globalization is for a large part achieved through treaty making, where parties work together to find solutions, create plans for development and control processes. Besides states working together, individuals can influence its process by creating needs, address problems and inform. The modern means of communication have increased the connectivity between society and those in power as international integration is increasing on all levels. Some multilateral treaties establish an international organization that is concerned with the provisions the treaty entails. The United Nations The most known international organization, made up of states, is the United Nations(UN). It was established via the UN charter, a multilateral treaty, stating its goals, procedures, means and measures and much more on how all participants were to act. It started with 51 member states and it has 193 nowadays. The UN is an organization that reaches all over the globe and it is possible for every member to address a problem during certain occasions(Scott,2008). The UN is as it were an umbrella organization, it established many others to carry out what was agreed upon in the UN charter. The UN has so many organizations that it practically is involved all over the world with all kinds of problems on economical, social and conflict matters(Scott, 2008). The UN charter is made of several articles, divided in chapters, paragraphs and subparagraphs. It is an immense agreement on how states should interact, develop, help and much more. The first article states the UN’s main purpose on which it was founded after World War II. Article 1 â€Å"The Purposes of the United Nations are: 1. To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace; . To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace; 3. To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for huma n rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and 4. To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends. (UN, 1945) International peace and security, global peace and security, a global purpose which states that all members should help to solve and prevent problems as peacefully as possible. By signing the UN Charter a state will become part of an extensive network of rules and procedures which it has to embrace, which have been determined by them and others. The UN has increased its influence due to the creation of an environment for treaty making. Over time the UN has become the world’s most important organization for international integration by motivating states to solve problems. Its power has be justified by its members and the agreements between them (Schooyans, 2001). The major organs of the UN are the Security Council, the International Court of Justice, the Economical and Social Council and the General Assembly. For finding an answer to my question the focus will be on the Security Council. The Security Council is an organ that is most known due to the measures it can take. It is made up out of 5 permanent members and 10 non permanent members which will be selected by the General Assembly. Its permanent members are China, The United Kingdom, The USA, France and Russia. In chapter V of the Charter articles are defined to state its purpose. Article 24 â€Å"1. In order to ensure prompt and effective action by the United Nations, its Members confer on the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, and agree that in carrying out its duties under this responsibility the Security Council acts on their behalf. [†¦ ] (UN, 1945). All members should keep the Security Council informed, an obligation to make sure the UN can act if this is required. The five permanent members have a veto right, meaning they can dismiss certain decisions even when they are urgent, generally accepted and majority voted. According to article 42 and 43 of the UN charter the Security Council is able to implement measures as economical and political exclusion, named sanctions. If no positive result follows, then it is allowed to use article 43 stating â€Å"[†¦ ]it may take such action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security. Such action may include demonstrations, blockade, and other operations by air, sea, or land forces of Members of the United Nations. † (UN, 1945). Whenever the Security Council comes to an agreement about what measures should be taken it presents a resolution, a formal statement, extensively describing what is to come, how it is to come and who should be involved. A resolution could form the basis for a military intervention. A problem that needs attention, according to the Security Council is (article 39)†[.. ] any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression[†¦ ]† (UN, 1945). The Security council has presented multiple resolutions with regards to an act of aggression such as resolution 83 and 84, 1950, to use force â€Å"[†¦ ] to repel the armed attack upon the republic of Korea by forces of North Korea. â€Å"(Scott,2010, p. 103). The use of force has been authorized through more resolutions regarding, Kuwait, Somalia and Sudan. Looking back at the main question, it might be tempting to say that an organ, with multiple members, working for a safe and secure world is a definite yes. International integration has reached a point where there is a collective choice. A democratically (up till the veto) determined procedure that takes into account agreed norms and values by almost all states. The vision was formed by 51 founding members and today the charter is almost universal. When a decision to interfere, to use force, to discriminate sovereignty, to ‘ensure’ safety and security is made it becomes clear that this world is so interconnected, that it lets an organization decide over life and death. Determining if the use of force is necessary, is not only led by the Security Council, it is allowed to ask help and advice to reach a conclusion. Many international organizations keep track of human rights and they are eager to alarm the security council to act, with sanctions or force, when they think something needs to be changed. Their expertise and resources make them trustworthy, not only for the Security Council but also for the world population. The increasing interconnectedness of the world makes it possible for these organizations to spread their worries and claims faster than ever before due to technological innovations as the internet, smart phones and global broadcast channels. International integration benefits from these technological innovations as problems become more visible and are spread faster. Communication and cooperation between organizations and states can lead to fast decisions and less damage to those under threat. International interventions, approved by the Security council, have increased in numbers since the ending of the cold war. The 1990’s can be appointed as the decade where most international interventions took place. It is also in this period that the idea of diplomacy over the use of force blurred. The use of force, military interventions, became a short term solution that would end the suffering of those suppressed. With regards to the twentieth century Afghanistan and Iraq are the most violent interventions so far. After the 9/11 terrorist attack in New-York, the USA promoted and executed the ‘war on terror’. This replaced the idea behind interventions for humanitarian and conflict reasons to a new enemy; international terrorism and its supporting regimes. The use of violence became a tool to scare off the opponent as well as completely deactivating him. Inner state conflicts that have been addressed increasingly over the past two decades are a relative new symptom for the UN and its Security Council. Shifting from conflicts between states to a state in conflict with itself. The traditional rules for peace keeping did not apply for these kinds of conflicts(Zandee, 2012). International integration reaches to the very integrity of states, as seen with the use of resolutions. Not only in cooperative ways, but also in the form of interventions approved through cooperation between states. The link between globalization and the UN is in its cooperative character, where the United Nations provides a ground for discussion, problem solving, initiatives and the creation of rules. The UN promotes development on different levels and multiple fields and it is to be reached through cooperation between its members (Bertucci Alberti, 2001). In the year 2000 the ‘UN Millennium Summit’ was held for the purpose of the discussion and adaptation of the ‘UN Millennium Declaration’. Over 150 world eaders eventually adopted the declaration, agreeing on the goals it set out to achieve for the upcoming 15 years such as less poverty, better health care and non-violence. Important was the emphasis on better and more efficient cooperation between its members, an increase of international integration. One of the main points made was to make globalization a positive force for all world’s people (Sneyd, 2005). Syria Syria is a state in the middle east neighbori ng Jordan, Israel, Turkey, Lebanon and Iraq. Its main source of income is the oil- and gas industry and a small sector of tourism can be found at the Mediterranean sea. Syria has had several conflicts over time regarding territory with its neighboring states (Donker Janssen, 2011). Syria’s recent history has been used as one of the many motives for the protests that arose in the spring of 2011. In 1967 the Syrian political party Ba’ath took power by a coupe, overthrowing the government. After this, in 1970, the Ba’athist Hafez al-Assad took power in his own hands via a second coupe. He used his military connections, as he fought in many sections, too establish a loyal security force. Hafez al-Assad appointed many relatives and friends to several high governmental and military functions. In the beginning he was not very popular as he originated from a relatively small community of Alawi. Syria houses a variety of subcultures and religious sects and multiple conflicts between them have passed over time. Yet, the majority of Syria supported him for bringing stability to the economy and its inhabitants. This changed over time as Hafez al-Assads regime became more authoritarian and the economy started to fail. In the 1970’s uprisings begun, which became more and more violent under the leadership of the ‘Muslim Brotherhood’. An example is its sniper campaign targeting the government’s representatives. Many inhabitants did not support this way of protesting and the increasing awareness of the Brotherhood’s intentions gave way for Hafez al-Assad to act brutally in 1982. This was the final standoff between the Islamists and the regime and it took place in Hama. An estimated number of civilian causalities varies between 5000 to 20000. Hafez al-Assad’s ruler ship was based on fear and showed severe consequences for those trying to destroy it. The media was state controlled and still is in present day (Donker Janssen, 2011). To gain stability after the uprisings Hafez al-Assad assigned more political positions to other sub group members of Syria. In response to the Brotherhood, any political form of Islam was strictly forbidden. During the late 1980’s and 1990’s Syria underwent, as many other states due to ending of the cold war, economic liberation. Policies developed actually improved the position of political elites who had the resources to engage in exclusive economic deals. The tension between state, now seen as corrupt, and its society grew. In July 2000 Bashar al-Assad succeeded his father and he has been the leader of Syria ever since. His attitude and means concerned with ruling Syria do not vary that much from his father; society’s voice and politics are still not coherent as a small group owns most of the states power as well as economical and military resources. Bashar al-Assad’s nationalism, clientelism and severe repression held up over the years until March 2011 (Donker Janssen, 2011). On March 6, 2011, children that were not older than 15 wrote the text ‘the people want the fall of the regime’ (in Syrian) in the southern city Daraa. The children were arrested and tortured by Syrian security forces. Protests arose in response to this incident, first locally, but it did not take long for the remaining Syrians to participate in nationwide demonstrations. At first uprisings were generally peaceful, as people remembered what happened under his father’s ruler ship. Yet, over time certain protest groups became more violent and separated themselves from the mainstream, but still recalling its support (Donker Janssen, 2011). Videos posted on YouTube of the arrests spread a wide feeling of anger, among citizens, but also internationally (Times, 2011). Anti governmental movements have been suppressed to underground spheres under the ruler ship of the al-Assads and its police state. Yet, there was an opening for coming out now. Support for protests and coordinated uprisings were now present and several movements tried to gather as much people as possible. Thus, it happened several times that the government controlled media was manipulated to prevent protest progress as when mobile phone networks were shutdown as well as many websites (Zoepf, 2011). The so-called ‘Arab Spring’ started at the end of December 2010 as a series of protests and demonstrations across several North African and Middle Eastern states, such as in Libya, Egypt, Lebanon, Tunisia and also in March 2011 in Syria (Schippers, 2011). The Arab Spring was mostly led by the voices of youngsters concerned with their future. The feeling of repression, unemployment, corruption and little democratic value triggered many to protest against their current leaders and governments. Many other states were showing symptoms of breaking regimes, motivating Syrians to continue to fight for their cause (Schippers, 2011). The peaceful protests gave way for more violent ones once the government started to repress them with violence. Heavy military resources were used to break up demonstrations as well as targeted assaults on protest group leaders (Schippers, 2011). More and more, images, videos and reports came from Syria and were spread all over the world. The cruel acts of armed government forces towards civilians were portrayed as terroristic, suppressive, inhumane and in violation with international laws (Khalay, 2011). As in other ‘Spring’ states, governments were not going to settle easy. Violence was commonly used in Egypt and the prime example is Libya where the protests led to a civil war between government and several protest groups. The killing of civilians by a central, repression based government was described as a crime and the international community was to be involved soon (Khalay, 2011). Amnesty International is an international organization concerned with human rights. It is mayor player in international integration, as its reports trigger discussion, provoke change and picture current developments. During the Arab Spring, Amnesty International has been highly concerned with the treatment of civilians. Reports about Syria indicate serious human rights violations and the organization is alarming the international community to act to stop these practices. Violent attacks harm civilians and there is a lack of primary resources and security. It is a situation that needs to be changed and it needs to be changed fast as these gross violations lead to more causalities every day (Khamis, 2012). International intervention returns to the picture. Up till recent day the inner state conflict Syria is dealing with, is still not resolved. Thousands of deaths are marking an ongoing civil war which seems not to end on a short notice as the Syrian regime of Bashar al-Assad still enjoys military support(although some soldiers turned over) as well as scarce, yet important public support. The international community, with the UN as main player, has alarmed the Syrian government to stop its activities and has applied multiple sanctions to pressure its movement and resources such as oil export restrictions (Iadtu, 2011). The security council has been involved since the beginning of the cruel acting of the armed government forces. The Arab Spring has been interpreted as a period of humanitarian crimes, where old repressive regimes are tried to be destroyed (Iadtu, 2011). The Security Council approved a military intervention in Libya, bombing governmental buildings, weapons depots and providing resources and manpower to the ‘democratic’ opposition. The bombings were successful till the extent that they destroyed most of Libya’s military force used for repression. Thus, the amount of civilian, unintended, casualties were high. The creation of an integrated democratic governmental structure has shown some progress, but the latest report indicates new instability as power protest groups now claims power and use force to gain this (Nazemroaya, 2012). The Security Council has send negotiators, as Kofi Annan, to Syria to discuss possible diplomatic solutions to end the conflict. Yet, Bashar al-Assad does not want to comply. Its government is also stating that it is fighting terrorist groups and not the entire population of Syria. He refers to groups of protestors that are well armed and are targeting the Syrian government. It accuses the USA and other Western countries of supplying the opposition with resources to take out the government. In response to this acquisition the Western society claims the protestors need to defend themselves from ongoing governmental attacks (Cunningham, 2012). The Security Council has suggested a similar intervention as in Libya, thus Russia and China stood in the way as they vetoed this proposal. Russia has been internationally criticized for the ongoing weapon supply to the Syrian government. Battle helicopters have been shipped several times and the USA is the main opponent of this practice as it implies Russia is supporting the al-Assad regime and therefore approving it means on how to settle the conflict. Russia says it is not violating any international laws and that it is providing the helicopters for protection and not for attack (Lathd, 2012) Russia is Syria’s biggest arm supplier, it houses the only Russian naval base in the Mediterranean Sea. Syria has quite some Russian inhabitants and the Russian Orthodox church is influential regarding certain accommodations and populations in Syria (Carr, 2012). Besides these interests, other factors play a big role. Russia played its veto card with the statement that it does not want to see a Libya scenario again. That includes many civilian victims, the rise of radical Islamism and a lot of costs (Carr, 2012). It is stopping the Security Council from taking action in the form of an military intervention. It can also be taken in consideration that Putin faced some severe resistance when he reassigned himself as president and its resulting protests. Supporting another military intervention might give Putin away as a person willing to participate in overthrowing repression led governments, as Russia might be labeled as such with suspicious democratic regulations (Lathd, 2012). The Security Council has not been able to stop the conflict, yet its sanctions are felt more every day. But also these means of conflict suppression are not only inflicting al-Assads government, large parts of the population are facing below average standards of living. Russia also shares the opinion that Western states are providing resources to destroy the regime (Cunningham, 2012). Cunningham(2012) and Nazemroaya(2012) argue that international interventions are a tool of Western imperialism, modern colonialism. The power of the Security Council and its main members has grown towards a way to change states in such a way that the West will benefit from it, such as open economies ready for more foreign investments. The Western media plays a significant role in portraying situation as cruel and is good at moving the populations emotions and opinions. It tries to justify their actions by showing images of killed children, while negative reporting about NATO bombing and the resulted civilian deaths are hard to find. Once violence has started it is important to supply the opponent, in this case the protestors, with arms, so it can be said that the government, when shooting with sharp, is harming civilians. It is important that the media will justify the intervention with help from international organizations such as Amnesty International. The ‘Responsibility 2 Protect’ has been used under the headline ‘humanitarianism’ to execute violent operations as seen in Iraq, Afghanistan and Libya. The Security Council, and the UN, have enormous international powers and are able to decide over death and life. The hegemon plays an important in addressing and executing issues and missions. Much military interventions have led to the destruction of regimes and set boundaries for future development. Syrians are pessimistic about a foreign intervention as some of them still support al-Assad. It is unlikely that Russia will set for a new direction soon, leaving the situation of ongoing civil war to continue (Cunningham, 2012) (Nazemroaya, 2012). Up till present day no military intervention has been undertaken. Constant debate about the use of such a mean slows the power to act and protect down. Syria is under international interest, but the international community has not yet found a way to act and stop the violence. The conflict in Syria provides a better look at the problems international integration is facing when debate and veto votes lead to a stop in developing solutions for conflict. The democratic aspect leads to a proper justification of the Security Council’s decisions, but it turns against him when there is no cohesion. The consequences are severe, as Syria remains in a civil conflict. Conclusion The answer to the main question revolves around the process of globalization, the United Nations and the current conflict in Syria. International integration has generated an interconnected world, in where more is known then ever before and where states are generating cooperation. The change in communication resources has led to a network of intelligence where one can find and publish almost everything. Accessibility, fluidity and transparency mark modern times. The United Nations is a prime example of international integration and it will continue to be. Its goals, declarations, treaties and resolutions illustrate the worldwide need for international integration and its further development. The UN’s power has increased over time and the Security Council is one of the most profound organs to achieve its goals. The validity of the resolutions is determined by the permanent members, powerful actors in the world with more influence than other states. History illustrates interventions as successful means to stop violent conflicts and generate peace. Thus, this should be claimed with care as the current conflict in Syria is not benefitting from international integration. The empire steers the interests of the UN, yet others are able to influence its goals. As the USA is a superior military-, economical- and political power in the world, its influence has great consequence for international integration. World peace is one of the main goals of the United Nations and the integration of states worldwide has set out several positives achievements. Is international integration an advantage or disadvantage for world peace? The United Nations motivate international integration and its goals are clear. It wants to distribute wealth, create common interests of concern and stop violent conflicts. If international integration was less intense than it is nowadays, the legality of actions by states would be less, possibly provoking new conflicts. The democratic procedures justify the UN’s actions and consensus is properly reached. Yet, as the Syria case has shown, it also slows down the process of acting. Overall I would like to answer the question with; an advantage. Cooperation leads to efficient usage of resources as knowledge, money and weapons. It also integrates multiple interests and reflects opinions. The recognition of the UN’s goals creates a justifications for its actions and therefore prevents further conflict. If ( almost ) universal goals and means are approved, acting for the sake of world peace will be accepted faster. Bibliography Bertucci, G. , Alberti, A. (2001). Globalization and the Role of the State: Challenges and Perspectives. New York: United Nations. Carr, B. (2012, June 25). Syrian Solution Lies in Putin’s Hands. The Australian , p. 7. Cunningham, F. (2012). how the Arab League Has Become a Tool of Western Imperialism. Global Research. Donker, T. H. , Janssen, F. (2011). Supporting the Syrian Summer; Dynamics of the Uprising and Considerations for International Engagement. The Hague: Clingendael Institute. Fincle, P. , Govale, E. (2012, February 10). Globalisation. Retrieved July 1, 2012, from BBC Bitesize: http://www. bbc. co. uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/globalisation Giddens, A. (2000). Runaway World: How Globalization is Reshaping Our Lives. London: Routeledge Taylor and Francis. Goldstein, J. , Pevehouse, J. (2011). International Relations. London: Pearson. Iadicola, P. (2008). Globalization and Empire. International Journal of Social Inquiry , 3-36. Iadtu, S. (2011, August 18). Can western sanctions touch Bashar al-Assad? Guardian Comment Network . Jeffery, S. (2002, October 21). What is globalisation? Retrieved July 1, 2012, from The Guardian: http://www. guardian. co. uk/world/2002/oct/31/globalisation. simonjeffery Khalay, D. (2011, October 24). Damascus may have to revise its political mindset. BBC Monitoring Middle East , p. 10. Khamis, N. (2012, July 2). Historic arms trade negotiations a chance to prevent future Syrian-style slaughter. Amnesty International Annual Report . Lathd, S. (2012). Russia’s veto on Syria resolution sign or changing world order. BBC Worldwide Monitoring. Lombaerde, P. d. , Iapadre, P. L. (2007). International Integration and Societal Progress: A Critical Review of Globalisation Indicators. Paris: OECD. Maier, C. (2005). An American Empire? : The Problems of Frontiers and Peace in Twenty-First Century Politics. In L. C. Young, The New American Empire (pp. 9-11). New-York: The New Press. Nazemroaya, M. D. (2012). From the Cold War to NATO’s â€Å"Humanitarian Wars† – The Complicity of the United Nations. Global Research. Schippers, H. (2011, July). Op eigen kracht: taai verzet van Syrische oppositie. Internationale Spectator , pp. 401-404. Schooyans, M. (2001). The United Nations and Globalization. Louvain: Louvain University. Scott, S. V. (2010). International Law in World Politics. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Shaw, M. N. (2008). International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sneyd, A. (2005). UN Millennium Summit. Hamilton: McMaster University. Times, T. N. (2011, March 19). In Syria, Crackdown After Protests. The New York Times , p. 10. UN. (1945). UN Charter. San Fransisco : UN. Zandee, D. (2012, April). International Interventies; ‘Lessons learned’. Retrieved June 28, 2012, from www. clingendeal. nl: http://www. clingendael. nl/search/results. html? term=Dick+Zandeestart=1division_id=target=author Zoepf, K. (2011, April 28). Long Repressed in Syria, an Internal Opposition Takes Shape. The New York Times , p. 12. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Transnational corporations, also called multinational corporations, are corporations operating in multiple states all over the world. An example is McDonalds, with restaurants in more than 100 countries [ 2 ]. Sovereignty is seen as a concept of a state being independent from other states influences. It entails that a certain territory that belongs to a state should not be interfered by another state so that it is free to make its own choices, create laws and determine a governmental form. [ 3 ]. In this context the word regime refers to states that are lead by dictators, corruption and unjustified government violence. How to cite International Integration, Essay examples

Suffrage and Party Power in American History free essay sample

A political science essay outlining the expansion of suffrage among the U.S. population throughout American history and the effects of a larger and more diverse electorate on voting trends and party control. This paper discusses the history of suffrage in the United States and its affect upon the distribution of power between the Republican and Democratic parties at different points in American History. It discusses the three most central suffrage movements in the United States: universal white male suffrage, universal black male suffrage, and universal female suffrage and the expansion of voting rights that coincided with each of these three movements. From the paper: While the universal white male suffrage progressions in the first period had more to do with the influential ideas of the French Revolution and democracy in general, an incentive to settle the western frontier, and increasing trust of the non-upper classes, the suffrage progressions of blacks and women came about from more deliberate effort. We will write a custom essay sample on Suffrage and Party Power in American History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Two main reasons for the attainment of the vote by blacks and women is the weakening of the political parties and the increased activist role of the federal government that occurred in the twentieth century.

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Found Metal Art Sculpture: A Guide

Found Metal Art Sculpture: A Guide Found Art (or best know as scrap metal art) is a beautiful and creative way to express yourself and the things that you like. I would like to share with you what types of things that you will need, why, different things, types of things, that you could use and why you should do scrap metal art. Here are some of the categories that I will be hinting on with you; what is it, safety equipment, what you need, the set up, how the different kinds of welding works, why do it, things that you could use, types of metals and the process of creating your art. This Art has been around for Millions of years, but the earliest that they can pin-point was from Marcel Duchamp. He was born in the 19th century but his art didnt really get noticed until the 20th century. Even though it took so long for Marcels work to get noticed it has thrived since then, Junk Art is more active than ever right now. First of all, what is Found Metal? Found art is an unusual type of art that includes creating pieces from found objects that are not usually considered to be artistic in anyway. Most of the objects used in Found Art usually have a completely different purpose and are modified in ways to make them into a piece of art. But to do this you need safety gear. This includes; Safety glasses, Welding helmet(the auto tinted ones are the best to use because when you put your helmet over your face you can actually see. It will darken when a bright light reflects. If you use a non-tinted helmet you will pretty much be doing things by feel.) Then you will need welding gloves(Preferably with no holes for your sake.) A long sleeve shirt and a long sleeved welding jacket, Welding boots(Leather), and boot cut pants. If you are really nervous you could also use a fire resistant apron and ear plugs. Now, you need these because its for you! If youre doing this at your house its up to you but the helmet if to prevent flash burn which can damage your eyes even if its just once if youre not careful. The safety glasses are to prevent the slag that you are chipping off from going in between your helmet and face so you dont burn your eyeballs or any soft tissue around your eyes. You need gloves because the metal gets really hot and so are the rods when they are taken out of the oven. The long sleeve and the jacket is so that when you chip slag it wont catch your clothes on fire and/or burn yourself. Now, this will not completely protect you from chipping it and angling it the right way which will be wrong for you but, it can still get between everything perfectly and burn you, just part of the art. The boot-cut jeans are to put over your boots and not tuck them in because a piece of slag can get in between your pants and boots and burn your feet. You need the leather welding boots, not fluffy boots or tennis shoes because a spark or slag will get on your shoes and burn through them but not it you have leather boots on. Then we move onto the equipment that you will need. To start off with, you need a welding machine (preferably an all welding machine.) This will come with the negative ground clamp that goes on to workstation to pull and guide the puddle where you want it to go, or the direction that you are trying to weld towards. It also comes with all the guns for the three different types of welding: Stick, MIG and TIG. Stick uses welding rods that get clamped into that specific welding device, MIG uses a spool of wire that burns like a stick but doesnt leave any slag to chip off, which is a much cleaner and easier process to go through, and TIG is a gun that produces a lot of heat but you need a filler rod with this one. So, you will use a gun in one hand and a rod in the other. This is kind of a mix between Stick and MIG welding. The set up is fairly simple. You just turn the machine on, pick whatever gun you are going to weld with, get the rod or wire setup. Then you need to pick a number set-up which most of the time is 1. Then you will need to pick the temperature number(how hot you want it to burn.) Be careful with how hot it burns though so that you dont burn through the project or go through the metal on the edges. Usually there is a chart telling you what to put the temperature at depending on the position that you are welding at, the material that you are welding on and how thick the material actually is. Lastly, you need to make sure that wherever you are doing this, the house or building, has enough power to operate the machine. So if you have a 220v machine which is the most common machine make sure that there is at least 230 Vs for that specific use. Do not start welding yet though. Whatever metal that you are using needs to be cleaned off first. Sand off the metal so that dont have scales that flake out from your weld. Make sure to stay close(pretty much right on the metal) or the spark will go out and there will be a burn mark on your project. After each pass make sure to chip off all the coating(slag) and then brush the junk and powder that is released off the metal. Depending on what youre doing and how thick you want it depends on the rod also. The thicker the rod, the thicker the weld will be. The faster you go the less weld that you be there. One last thing to look at when youre welding it the angle that youre holding your rod at. If youre holding the rod straight at the project and welding then that is where your weld will come out of, if youre holding the rod at an angle and welding then the weld and slag will burn off from that angle and it will not come directly from the tip of your rod(the angle will not hurt your pro ject at all.) Just make sure that you watch your puddle and go. How does stick welding work? The welding rod is the piece of wire coated in slag(flux coating) that gets clamped into the stick welding gun that is connected to the machine. A current is fed through this wire which helps to join two pieces of metal together firmly. There are different rods though like, 6013-610-7014 and ect. This just determines the different diameters and other things that make a difference when welding. As just stated thickness determines how much weld is being put down at a time, the smaller the rod, the less weld that goes onto your project. Theres also different types of heat resistance and how resistant the weld is to hydrogen. If you want some people can relate this to the numbers that nail polish has. Those numbers tell you what color it is, the shade of the color and some depending on if it has sparkles in it. This is the same with the welding rods just different meanings. Now, why should you even consider scrap metal art? Why does it even matter? First of all, its a very unique and original art that you create and do by yourself. It saves on scrap or waste that may be laying around which means you can recycle anything that you have. Welding is hard but it is a really good skill to have. When create your art you can literally use anything that you have laying around the house that you thought had no purpose. You can use anything from building demolition things to a simple hanger. You can make anything that you want out of anything that you have! Its really easy, you just need to get an idea of what you want to do first. Generally any type of metal can be put in two different categories; Ferrous and non-ferrous. The difference between Ferrous Non-ferrous metals are that Ferrous Metals mostly contain Iron. They have small amounts of other metals or elements added, to give the required properties. All Ferrous Metals are magnetic and give little resistance to corrosion. The types of Ferrous metals that are most common are any type of steel(regular, Carbon and stainless) Cast Iron and Wrought Iron. The common types of Non-Ferrous metals areÂÂ   aluminium, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, titanium, cobalt, chromium and precious metals. Why should you do scrap metal art? I personally do it because it is fun and it tests me sometimes but mostly because I like to know that Im recycling in a way. Why should you care about that though? In 2015, more than 67 million metric tons of Ferrous Metal was recycled by the U.S. scrap industry which had a value of 30.1 Billion Dollars. A steel mill that uses recycled steel reduces air and water pollution by around 70 percent. Everyday, approximately 100 million steel and tin cans are used by Americans. As for Non-Ferrous, 25,000 statues of Liberties can be built with coppe that the U.S.A. recycles per year. The scrap Aluminum that is thrown away every month in the U.S. is enough to rebuild the entire American airfleet. In 2014, the U.S. Scrap Industry processed .83 million metric tons of aluminum. Now all this means is that we are very wasteful and to make these numbers go down and quit wastings stuff more people can create art out of scrap and reduce these prices. This is why you should care because a lot of metals are going to waste when, now-a-days we can use these objects and make them into art now and not have so much junk around. Now you can finally start welding. Place the pieces where you want them and make sure that that is exactly how you want them. Hold them in place however you can with whatever you will need. Then, with whatever weld method that you choose, start welding! But one other thing that you have to take into consideration is using the welding rod all the way down to the number and letters or else you will just be wasting good rods. A lot of people think that just because youve already struck it its too hard to try and strike again, well, all you have to do is get a scrap piece of metal that you can strike it on again and then scrape the end on something and it will be as good as new. All you have to do now after you get done with you project is to pick up the bad rods that are burnt all the way down, sweep up the slag(flux coating) that you have chipped off, turn off your machine, wrap everything up and put it away and then put the access rods that are still good or havent fully been used back into the heating oven. After everything is done and cleaned up, youre left with a beautiful piece of art made from junk. Finally, to brief you back up on what we have talked about, we have talked a little bit about the history of Found Metal,the first person that they can pinpoint and when it actually started to get noticed, and where I personally learned it from which was the IAI. Ive talked about what Junk Art actually is, the definition of it and what it actually is. Then, I went on to all safety equipment and why you should/need to have them on(it is for your protection). I described how to set up and how everything works,the tools that you will need and what the different uses for them are. Then I explained why you should do this art and gave you some statistics about all the junk there actually is, the main point being that it recycles a lot of waste that, with this art, isnt waste. Ive talked about the different things/ranges of things that you could use that usually no one thinks to use(house demolitions to hangers). I talked about the two different categories that metals are most commonly out in and the most common metals in the two categories(Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals, Ferrous being magnet and having Iron in it). Then, I did a guided on how to create what you want to make such as; reshaping, piecing together, holding/supports, welding and then painting if you would like. Lastly, I just talked a little bit about how to clean up and what you will expect when it comes to cleaning up the mess,pick up all the pieces and sweep up.

An Analysis of Coleridges Kubla Kahn Essay -- Coleridge Kubla Khan Es

An Analysis of Coleridge's "Kubla Kahn"      Ã‚   Although the form of "Kubla Kahn" is beautiful, it is complex. The rhyming patterns are quite complicated; the first stanza, for instance, rhymes in the pattern abaab ccdede. Coleridge's patterns of alliteration are also involved: He will sometimes use the sound at the beginning of one syllable as the sound at the beginning of the next syllable, as in "Xanadu did" in line one, "miles meandering" in line 25, and "deep delight" in line 44. He also alliterates vowels, not only consonants, to produce a rhythmic singsong effect.    Although the form and the beautiful language in "Kubla Kahn" were all that I could appreciate when I first read the poem, I have since come to realize that the poem has a complex symbolic pattern, as well. My own analysis may seem to be paltry when faced with the fact that there have been thousands of criticisms of this poem published, some comprising entire volumes. But the very quantity of criticism may serve as an argument that any interpretation of the poem is really an investigation of the writer of the criticism. That is to say, the poem has no outward meaning, or at least that the meaning put in by the author is of secondary importance. The subtitle of "Kubla Kahn" reads "Or a Vision in a Dream." Dreams may or may not have symbolic meaning, but it is doubtful that anyone intentionally designed symbolic meaning specifically for an individual dream.    My reading of "Kubla Kahn" depends on a biographical detail from Coleridge's life. Coleridge was an opium addict for years, and Appelbaum, an editor of a collection of romantic poetry, claims that "some of his [Coleridge's] poems reflect the anguish this caused." (Appelbaum viii) Coleridge... ...s a change in the author's attitude. Whereas he may have previously been supposed to be merely an opium visionary -- a weak person who lives outside the everyday reality that the rest of us inhabit -- he is revealed here to be a creator, a strong individual, as well. Coleridge is here identifying himself with Kubla Kahn. The Kahn decreed a stately pleasure dome, while Coleridge created a poem that is equated with the dome. "Kubla Kahn" is Coleridge's attempt to rise above what many people assume drug addicts to be and to show himself to be a strong creator, on a level with an emperor who founded of a great dynasty.    Works Cited: Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. "Kubla Kahn" in The McGraw-Hill Book of Poetry. Ed. Kraft Rompf and Robert DiYanni. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993. Appelbaum, Stanley, Ed. English Romantic Poetry: An Anthology. Mineola: Dover, 1996.